Pharmacology Population Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pharmacology Population - Assignment Example In a study by Bartelink, Rademaker, Schobben, et al. (2006), population pk was found to be a very important approach through which not just pharmacokinetic information is obtained from sparse data sets but also pharmacodynamic information obtained from this same sparse data set. Leeder (2004) also observed that there stages in the drug development process where the very large population may be needed but with only a few observations per patient so as to determine the exact and unique differences with drug behavior in each patient based on special characteristics. To achieve this, population pk is employed or used to obtain information at both the phase II and phase III clinical trials among patients. It is not surprising that Ernest, Elder, Martini, et al. (2007) identified population pk as a practice associated with several pharmaceutical companies in the course of their drug development process. Certainly, population pk comes as a single most reliable mechanism by which dosage dete rmination to drugs can be done due to the size of the population used in the sparse data sets, each of whom is observed for very specific outcomes based on their demographic and pathophysiology characteristics. Also writing on the contribution of population pk to drug development, Roosmarijn et al. (2011) found that there are instances when intensive blood sampling can be attained. Meanwhile, Hsieh and Korfmacher (2006) noted that where intensive blood sampling is possible, there is the benefit of replicating the outcomes with particular blood samples for a larger population size. This means that where intensive blood sampling is not possible an alternative is needed to ensure that almost all populations are catered for. Typical situations in drug development where intensive blood sampling has not been attainable include drug development processes for children, cancer, and AIDS.

Multiple Performance Measurement Standards Essay Example for Free

Multiple Performance Measurement Standards Essay Performance measurement is a modest thought without a basic definition. Basically, performance measurement investigates the prosperity of a work assembly, modify, or conglomerations exertions by contrasting information on what really happened with what was arranged or expected. Performance measurement asks Is advancement being made to sought objectives? Are suitable exercises being undertaken to advertise accomplishing those objectives? Are there issue ranges that need consideration? Auspicious ventures that can serve as a model for others? Performance measurement is the choice and utilization of quantitative measures of limits, courses of action, and conclusions to advance informative data about discriminating parts of exercises, incorporating their impact on the people (Safavi, 2006). Discussion Performance Measure Sadly, there is no precisely regarding our group utilization of the expression performance measure. Different individuals have extremely clear and distinctive definitions for what constitutes the measure part. The exceptional news is that granted that there are numerous diverse plans regarding what a measure is, there is one commonality around them: A performance measure measures somethingusually advance to a destination or objective. So it doesnt make a difference assuming that we call it a performance measure or a performance marker or, in a few cases, a performance standard. What matters is the idea: A performance measure measures something. Heres a great, straightforward meaning of a performance measure: A Performance Measure is the particular quantitative representation of a limit, process, or result esteemed pertinent to the appraisal of performance. Performance Standard A Performance Standard is a for the most part acknowledged, objective standard of measurement for example a tenet or guideline against which a conglomerations level of performance could be analyzed. A performance standard creates the level of performance envisioned (Penrod, et al. 2012). Norms might be expressive or numerical. An enlightening standard describes certain framework parts or certain exercises – that is, sure limits or forms – that are needed to be set up. Here are some example unmistakable performance gauges: * A framework for transmittable illness observation and control might be administered. * The neighborhood open health framework is actively included in the improvement and audit of open health approaches. * The qualified information frameworks in utilization empower the gathering, utilization, and correspondence of information. Aspect of Performance Management Performance administration is your main event with the qualified information youve improved from measuring performance. Performance administering methods utilizing performance measurement qualified data to maintain your open health limit and forms: for instance, to audit benefits and projects; evaluate and amend objectives and destinations; evaluate advance against targets; lead worker assessments; and form and advocate plans. Pros and Cons The performance measures you select will rely on and reflect your ability to complete your live up to expectations. You would prefer not to attempt to do more in performance measurement than the limit accessible to you permits. For instance, advancing measures that need factual investigation abilities to which you dont have access is counterproductive. At the time you havent got the accounts or base or other required limit to measure certain methods or conclusions, submitting to those measures in the trust of advancing the limit can set you up for washout (Chiesa, et al. 2009). The measures could introduce an impression of your work that doesnt do it equity and veil generally great ventures. Conclusion Yet open health profits in the performance measurement wander by having set up two held-in as relatable point structural systems for all open health drill: the three center capacities and the key open health administrations. These systems might be utilized to assist comprehend the nature of the work we do and to describe measures of its performance. Furthermore open health has a broadly concurred upon and noteworthy set of goals – Healthy People 2000 and 2010 – that could be utilized as objectives, guidelines, or some other measure of performance by people; work bunches, arrangements, or different conglomerations; or crosswise over gatherings, customizes, or associations.

The Metamorphosis of Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol Essay

A Christmas Carol, a tale that revolves around a man’s fate in the past, the present, and the future. Its story speaks of a man, a man called Ebenezer Scrooge, and the changes in which he goes through. ‘’Oh! But he was tight-fisted man at the grindstone, Scrooge! a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, covetous old sinner! Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster. The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice. A frosty rime was on his head, and on his eyebrows, and his wiry chin. He carried his own low temperature always about with him; he iced his office in the dog-days, and didn’t thaw it one degree at Christmas.’’ This description describes Scrooge’s character brilliantly, it is on the second page of the novel and immediately hits you. I feel that Charles Dickens could not have described his character any better. In my opinion the last sentence has great relevance to the story and his attitude towards all things merry, especially Christmas: ‘’†¦his own low temperature†¦and didn’t thaw it one degree at Christmas.’’ Scrooge is a very cold-hearted, spiteful man, he is never cheerful or in any way nice to anyone. The only people who he at the very least endures or respects are men of great importance or wealth, but also his fellow businessmen. It would be easier to get blood out of a stone than to get Ebeneezer Scrooge to be merry; ‘’Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Scrooge has no wish to spend his time with anyone o... ... up the resulting change in Scrooge: ‘’He became as good a friend, as good a master, and as good a man as the good old City knew†¦Some people laughed to see the alteration in him, but he let them laugh,’’ So we see that Scrooge was indeed saved from the terrible fate that would have otherwise inevitably destroyed him. And also became a model citizen, who mended the error of his ways, strived for good and became a man with no burdens. Except, the burdens of his loved ones and the less fortunate. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. A Christmas Carol. Classics of Children's Literature. Ed. John W. Griffith and Charles H. Frey. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.

Community Health Nursing Essay

As a registered nurse of only three years, I am often referred to by my peers as a â€Å"baby† nurse. However, in those short three years of practice I have learned and continue to learn many things whether medical, personal, or humanitarian. My personal nursing experience has been in surgical care services. The vast majority of the patients I have cared for are those undergoing elective procedures. They have chosen to have joint arthroplasty or some other type of procedure. I have also had the great fortune to care for those who have been diagnosed with terminal illnesses such as cancer and leukemia. Many times I see these patients in the infancy of their disease process, but I also see them on a continue basis during treatments such as blood or platelet transfusions. The difficulties faced by patient s such as these are varied and bring with each a different set of needs to be assessed and addressed. You become not just a nurse but a caregiver, advocate, therapist, and more often than not a friend. It is when working with these patients that the dynamics of quality versus quantity of life become central to care. In many cases family concerns, whether well meaning or not, may overshadow the patient’s wishes. Our selfish need to keep loved ones with us can blur the line as to the patient’s own wants and needs. In dealing with this you must also assess your own beliefs as to end of life decisions. My role as a nurse must be to advocate for my patient, to develop trust in the relationship, and to follow through with their wishes. All the while promoting compassion in our interactions,  In this case scenario, there are three strategies in which I would implement to address Mrs. Thomas as a patient. After assessing the patient and her situation referrals should be made for therapy modalities both physical and occupational, home health, and psychological/mental health for both Mrs. Thomas and her spouse/caregiver. Physical and occupational therapy could evaluate Mrs. Thomas and initiate a plan of treatment to increase stamina and range of motion to keep the patient at an optimum level of functioning. Physical improvement even in small increments can have a positive effect on the patient’s outlook. Home health could evaluate Mrs. Thomas and her need for pain control as well as her fear of dependency. Education at this juncture is imperative to patient outlook as well as outcome of treatments. With pain management in place, physical therapy could progress, thus increasing the level of patient participation. Also a mental health/psychological referral could be invaluable to both Mr. and Mrs. Thomas. Mrs. Thomas could be assisted in working through and understanding the stages of her illness, as well as her depression and sadness concerning her family relationships. It could also help Mr. Thomas with his depression and allow them both to connect with support groups or individuals within the community with whom they can share experiences. One of the best resources for breast cancer patients is the Susan B. Komen Foundation. As a certified breast cancer educator, I have had the pleasure of working with both survivors and their families. Education is very important to all concerned in a medical diagnosis of breast cancer. Understanding of the disease process and its effects are also essential to a healthy outlook. The Komen Foundation offers support to patients, survivors, caregivers, and family members. It would be an excellent resource in which both Mr. and Mrs. Thomas could receive individualized treatment and support. The team approach is also necessary for working with patients, families, and caregivers. As a nurse you must accept that an individual cannot meet all patient needs so you draw upon other health care professional s to accomplish the highest levels of care. A wide variety of team members can be utilized in the care of the Thomas’. Physicians who offer direct clinical care and disease pathologies, social workers/clinical case managers who can assist in community resources as well as their knowledge of insurances, spiritual leaders to aide in dealing with final decisions and spiritual needs of the patient and family, pharmacists  who assist with a wide array of pharmacological treatments for pain and symptom control, dieticians can be helpful in counseling with meals, nutrition, supplements, and hydration. Other team members may include physical and occupational therapy, psychologists, and perhaps even volunteers to assist in the home and with errands. The needs of Mrs. Thomas and her family will continue to fluctuate as her disease progresses. It is important for the team to stay abreast of these needs and adjust plans of care accordingly. At some point hospice services may be called upon and continued through death. This can be provided at home or on an inpatient basis. Initiating a plan of action can alleviate stress from both the Thomas’. Mr. Thomas may feel that some of the caregiver burden has been lifted and this could aid in the treatment of his depression. This in combination with medication could be the keys to initiating successful treatment. If a psychological evaluation is needed due to the possibility of suicidal ideations, then immediate intervention is warranted with a crisis facility. Especially if there is deemed eminent danger of self harm. With pieces of the clinical puzzle in place, the Thomas’ can be assisted with as much compassion, dignity, and support as possible to meet their needs in both the short and long term.

Race and Ethnicity Essay

Throughout the course of this twisted Monopoly, many themes and stereotypes arose to become apparent. However the two main themes that I observed were gender biases and stereotypes involving race and inequality. These two themes became apparent through the traits and personality the players began demonstrating as the game went on. It was obvious that the blue male (which would represent a white male in real life) became greedy and aggressive as he was set up to be successful and of course was. You then see how player three and five become unsuccessful because of how the game is set up. This represents the stereotype of a woman who is considered an inferior. As the game went on these players were very cautious of every decision they made because it was made obvious that each one was indeed very critical to any success they strived to achieve. By the end of the game it was extremely apparent to everyone that certain opportunities were given to certain people in the game. This basically made it impossible for them to lose this game. This theme however then transfers to reality in that the stereo typical white male will usually be given a much better opportunity then say an African American female. The two articles that I chose reflects the two themes of race and gender stereo types and how they correspond with success or opportunities. In the first article, Workplace Gender Bias: Not Just between Strangers, they discuss how there is â€Å"substantial inequalities between genders in the modern workplace and the evidence for stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. † They then also discuss how this concept can then be applied to race or age minorities as well. The article also explains the significant difference in that studies show that there are gender differences in career choices, salary, harassment, etc. This directly relates to our theme in our game in that the money and income the blue male (which represented a white male) was much greater than that of the red female (who could represent a female minority). In addition, the article explains how many women â€Å"face significant challenges in career advancement,† and â€Å"Women are more likely to self-select into less prestigious and lower paying careers compared to men (Konrad, 2003). † There were many similarities between this article and our monopoly game in that stereo types and feminization of women occur and are apparent in real life just like our game. It is similar in that just like how the article describes and how it is true in society, women are treated as inferior in our game. Because in society women are stereotyped and made the inferior. Like in the game, in real life a women of a minority will struggle so much more to become successful making every decision critical because of the way they are viewed in society. It is also relative in that this is to be true not only for just women, but for race and other minorities of society as well. In society and in the game, these people are not given as good of opportunities as the superior and it is much more difficult to succeed. There is a direct correlation between what is described in the article and what happened in the game. In conclusion, this article relates to one of the themes of our game in that there is gender inequality in reality and the male is more likely to succeed with a higher income and greater opportunity. Within the second article, Racial Mismatch in the Classroom: Beyond Black-White Differences, demonstrates our theme of race inequality. The main point the article is trying to show is that research shows that when the teacher is of the same race or ethnicity of the student, they receive more positive and helpful instruction than if the student is of a different race or ethnicity of the teacher. The research and analysis was mostly based on black and white subjects however. This article not only can relate to just race, but also class, gender, background, IQ, and other factors like we would see in our game. The second article directly corresponds with our game and our other theme in that people of different race are given different opportunity to succeed in life quite often and are stereotyped as well. We see that a white student with a white teacher would be getting a 1 / 2.better education which then sets them up in that they are more likely to succeed in life than the black student. In our game we see that the player who represents our white male is set up to succeed, while our player who represents a minority is set up to fail. This is similar to our game because certain people would work well together and bargain, while some people were just cast aside or not even given the opportunity to bargain because of the unfortunate circumstances they were under. Both of these articles relate to our game in that they represent the opportunities and stereo types of  not only race and class, but gender as well. These stereotypes are also apparent and can be true in reality also. So we see that the changes made in our monopoly game, and the articles found, directly relate to real life and how society works. Although it may be harsh, it is true and can be proven by not many studies and articles, but our twisted monopoly game as well that certain people (like the white male) are going to succeed much more often than someone like a black female. There are these stereotypes because in reality a majority of people fit into them. They fit into them not in the way people normally believe they do, but because society and the superior have created them. That then changes the opportunities in life and the circumstances in which they are under. Works Cited Nadler, J. T. , & Stockdale, M. S. (2012). Workplace Gender Bias: Not Just Between Strangers. North American Journal Of Psychology, 14(2), 281-291. McGrady, P. B. , & Reynolds, J. R. (2013). Racial Mismatch in the Classroom: Beyond Black- white Differences. Sociology Of Education, 86(1), 3-17. doi:10. 1177/0038040712444857 POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Definite and Indefinite Articles (The, A and An)

Definite and Indefinite Articles (The, A and An) Definite and Indefinite Articles (The, A and An) If English isn’t your first language, knowing when to use an article before a noun can be confusing. It can also be tricky to know which article to use. To help explain, in this post we’re looking at the definite (i.e., â€Å"the†) and indefinite (i.e., â€Å"a† and â€Å"an†) articles. The Definite Article (The) As the name â€Å"definite† suggests, we use the definite article (â€Å"the†) when referring to a particular person or object. This could be because: There is only one of something (e.g., â€Å"the President of the U.S.A.†) We’re using a superlative (e.g., â€Å"the cutest puppy†) â€Å"The† is also useful when referring to something the reader or listener is already familiar with. This might be because we’ve already mentioned or implied what it is: I read a book last week, but the story wasnt great. In this example, we use â€Å"the† in the second part of the sentence because it clearly refers back to the book mentioned in the first part. Many books. But which one is the book?(Photo: BookBabe) Similarly, we can use â€Å"the† when the context makes it clear what we’re discussing. For instance, if we say we’re â€Å"going to the gym,† this obviously implies a specific gym (i.e., the local one), not just any of the many gyms that might be available. We also use â€Å"the† when referring abstractly to every example of something with a singular noun. For instance, while we could use the plural â€Å"cats† in the sentence: Cats are furry animals. We could also say the same thing using the singular noun â€Å"cat† if we add â€Å"the† in front: The cat is a furry animal. In this case, â€Å"the cat† refers to the species â€Å"cat† in general, not to a specific cat. Cats: delightfully furry.(Photo: Patrizia08) Indefinite Articles (A and An) Also aptly named, indefinite articles are used for referring to something when it is one of many possible examples or one of a generic type. In the example above, for instance, saying that we read â€Å"a book† shows that it was one of many possible books we could have read. Likewise, if we were to say we needed â€Å"a plumber,† we’d be asking for any plumber who is available, not one specific plumber. Or toilet magician, as we like to call them.(Photo: Wonderlane/flickr) Whether to use â€Å"a† or â€Å"an,† meanwhile, depends on the sound at the beginning of the next word: If it starts with a consonant sound, use â€Å"a† (e.g., â€Å"a puppy†). If it begins with a vowel sound, you should use â€Å"an† (e.g., â€Å"an egg†). This isn’t always a matter of spelling, since some words that start with a consonant begin with a vowel sound (e.g., â€Å"an hour†), and some words that start with a vowel actually begin with a consonant sound (e.g., â€Å"a universal truth†). No Article Required Finally, keep in mind that some nouns don’t require an article in some situations. This is known as the â€Å"zero article.† Common examples include: Mass nouns and plural nouns used abstractly (e.g., â€Å"Wine is delicious†) Most proper nouns (e.g., â€Å"David is writing a blogpost†) Some forms of transport or delivery (e.g., â€Å"It was sent by mail†) Most countries and languages (e.g., â€Å"I went to China†) The zero article can be confusing, since it depends on how a word is used. For instance, while we might say we saw something â€Å"on television† (no article) when referring to television as a medium, we’d say â€Å"turn on the television† if referring to the TV set in our living room. Whats on the television?Looks like a typewriter.(Photo: The Photographer/wikimedia) Likewise, place names can be tricky, since some require â€Å"the† (e.g., â€Å"the University of Chicago†) and others don’t (e.g., â€Å"Colombia University†). Ultimately, knowing when articles are required is a matter of practice. The important thing is, therefore, to check when you’re not sure (getting your work proofread is also a good idea).

Surrealistic Art essays

Surrealistic Art essays The modern world has become filled with brilliant designs of art, which are now very influential to viewers of every age. Todays television programs are filled with elaborate special effects and designs that create a sense of wonder as they are seen. Diverse artwork has been present in the world for hundreds of years but was never fully appreciated for the beauty that they beheld. Until recent years, this form of art was rejected but is now in many television programs and especially in the music videos of today. Surrealism has helped to educate and shape the way people today view art and has led to a new form of expression in the modern world. Surrealism is art without direct meaning, which doesnt always portray the beautiful aspects of Earth, but instead show truth in a hidden form. When surrealism was in the early stages, it was rejected because it reflected the truth of an unhappy life and wasnt filled with what the public felt should be shown. As human education evolved, they began to notice what surrealism was all about and soon began to demand more and more. One individual, Salvador Dali, helped put surrealism on the map for art lovers around the world. Dali was born on the eleventh of May in 1904 at Figueras, Spain. In 1918, he entered his first art exhibit, which he became well known from at his early age. His surrealistic style didnt begin until 1930 when he began to explore his emotions and started painting his feelings. In 1932 he exhibited his first surrealistic art show in the United States. Throughout Dalis life he published many novels and autobiographies along with numerous screenplays. In 1984, Dali was severely burnt by a fire that started in his house. He later died in 1989 of heart failure in the Torre Galatea where he had been living since the fire at his previous home. Dalis artwork is now treasured and is featured in art galleries around the world. The Pe...

ROSS Surname Meaning and Family History

ROSS Surname Meaning and Family History The Ross surname has Gaelic origins and, depending upon the origin of the family, could have several different meanings: From ros, a peninsula, isthmus, or promontory signifying someone who lived on a headland.From rhos, Welsh for moor or bog; signifying someone who lived near a moor.From rose and rosh, signifying a valley or dale between hills.A descriptive name from the Middle English rous, meaning red-haired.A habitational name for one who came from the district of Ross, in Scotland.  Or from Rots near Caen in Normandy. Ross is the 89th most popular surname in the United States. Surname Origin:  English, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  ROSSE, ROS Famous People With the Surname ROSS Betsy Ross (born  Griscom):  widely credited with making the first American flagMarion Ross: American actress; best known for her role as Mrs. C on the 1970s sitcom Happy DaysNellie Ross (born Tayloe): first woman in the U.S. to serve as governor, and the first to direct the U.S. mint Where the Ross Surname Is Most Common According to surname distribution from  Forebears, the Ross surname today is most prevalent in the United States but is found in the greatest numbers (based on population percentage) in Scotland. It ranks as the 1,083rd most common surname in the world- and ranks among the top 100 surnames in Scotland (14th), Canada (36th), New Zealand (59th), Australia (69th) and the United States (79th). Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicate slightly different numbers from Forebears, putting the Ross surname as most common in Australia and New Zealand, based on frequency per million people. Within Scotland, the Ross surname is found in the greatest numbers in northern Scotland, including the Highlands, Aberdeenshire, Moray, and Angus. Genealogy Resources for the Surname  Ross 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their Meanings: Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Ross DNA Project: The Ross Family DNA Project seeks to use Y-DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogy research to enable Ross families to determine if they share a common ancestor with other Ross families.  This project welcomes all derivatives of the surname (Ross, Ros, etc.).Ross  Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Ross  family crest or coat of arms for the Ross surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.ROSS  Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Ross  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestor s, or post your own Ross query. FamilySearch - ROSS  Genealogy: Explore over 5.2  million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Ross surname and variations on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Ross  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Ross surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Ross Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Ross surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

COmpare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

COmpare and Contrast - Essay Example ast four cases that include Lindile Mbotya v Minister of Police, Lamula et al v Minister of Police, Mhando v Attorney General and Another, and Gervas v Said Mohamed Ndeteleni. Lindile Mbotya v Minister of Police is a South African case that was decided in the High Court of South Africa, Eastern Cape Division of Port Elizabeth. Lindile Mbotya (Plaintiff) sued the Minister of Police (Defendant) for an alleged unlawful arrest and detention seeking damages in the region of 250,000 South African Rand. The plaintiff sued based on the fact that the arrest and detention was done without probable cause and that it was malicious. A member of the South African Police Services did the arrest in the employ of the defendant. The defendant refuted the allegations stating that the plaintiff was arrested and detained lawfully in accordance with the provisions of Section 40(1) (b) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 based on the arresting officer’s suspicion that the plaintiff had committed an offence. was within the confines of the law in exercising his discretion to arrest the plaintiff. The high court ruled in favor of the plaintiff based on aspects such as unlawful arrest and the circumstances that led to the deprivation of liberty, for instance improper motive, and harsh conduct of the arresting officers. The damages were awarded not to enrich the plaintiff but to offer solatium for the injury caused and also based on the plaintiff’s constitutional rights. Mhando v Attorney General and Another is a similar case to the above case in the sense that Mhando (Plaintiff) sued the Attorney General and Another (Defendant) for wrongful arrest, detention and prosecution by the police and sought damages for that. The case was also held in a High Court, but at Dare salaam in Tanzania. Unlike in the above case, the defendant here filed a written statement of defense and also followed it by a notice of preliminary objection that the suit was time barred. Unlike the first case,

Path to gloval competitiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Path to gloval competitiveness - Essay Example †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Course of Action†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Conclusion†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 Abstract Six Sigma is a process that has much potential in making a company globally competitive. It aims to improve existing processes and maximize profitability. Statistically, it aims to achieve only 3.4 defects per million opportunities. When implemented by the company, training will be done to top management and employees. The course of action to be done is a slow but sure program of implementation of the six sigma process and the DMAIC phases because errors and wastes must be in minimum-doing it right the first time. Success may also be attributed to leadership and proper implementation based on the company’s aim and needs. Evaluation will then be carried out and proper compensation will be given to each one in the company. Keywords: Six Sigma, Lean Method, Global Competitiveness, DMAIC Introduction The CEO of the company wants to implement the Six Sigma program. Managers and executives, including me are required to undergo training for that program. After the training, for sure it will then be implemented. To have a grasp of Six Sigma, its de finition, origin, phases, pros and cons related to it will be discussed in this report. Also, a plan of action for the organization after the implementation of the program is laid out in the latter part. Definition Six Sigma is a measure of process performance with the goal of nearly perfect quality. Meredith and Shafer (2010) cited Motorola (2004) which defined Six Sigma as the process that focuses an organization on customer requirements, process alignment, analytical rigor and timely execution. According to Ramberg (2000), Bill Smith, a reliability engineer at Motorola, is widely credited with originating Six Sigma. He noted that system failure rates were substantially higher than predicted by final product test. He then suggested a number of possible causes for this phenomenon, including a dramatic increase in system complexity and a flaw in traditional quality thinking. He concluded that a much higher level of internal quality was required and Six Sigma was set as a quality goa l. In the narrow statistical sense, Six Sigma is a quality objective that gives specifications to the variability required of a process in terms of the product so that product quality and reliability meets and exceeds today's demanding customer requirements (Ramberg, 2000). From the latter definition, customer satisfaction and quality are the aim of this process which in turns translates into global competitiveness. Known companies who adapted the Six Sigma program include General Electric (GE), Nynex, Air Canada, American Express, Cummins, Merrill Lynch, Sun Microsystems and Tyco International (Meredith and Shafer, 2010). DMAIC Process The Six Sigma process generally follows a five phase program. The said five phase includes define, measure, analyze, improve and control (DMAIC) (Meredith and Sha

Repot based on prepared financial statment Essay

Repot based on prepared financial statment - Essay Example The company’ profitability position was strong. It generated strong ROCE of 17.9% and ROA of 15.73. It implies that the company was efficiently utilizing its assets to generate high profits from its operations. It was reflected from operating profit margin of 10.4% and gross profit margin of 48.70%. The liquidity position of the company was reported to be strong. Both current and quick ratios had values greater than one, which is significant as the company had a high value of current assets that could cover its current obligations. The company’s converted its inventory into sales in 76.6 days, which suggested slow movement and inventory turnover of just 4.77. However, the company was efficient to collect cash for its receivables. On the other hand, the company paid its suppliers in 46.7 days. Moreover, the company only generated  £1.51 of sales for every  £1 invested in assets. The company’s leverage position was very weak. The gearing ratio value was 21.28, which suggested that the company highly depends on external borrowing to meet its business requirements. Moreover, it incurred high interest costs that consumer most of the company’s operating profits i.e.

Responsive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Responsive - Essay Example From this point of view, the benefits of progress are measured in terms of higher standards of living, better health, greater security and increased incomes. As a result of all these measurable factors, many have ignored their traditional cultures in pursuit of these â€Å"goodies.† Some individuals in the society willingly pursue this material targets while others are forced into the system by government policies. This means that the disadvantages of progress will affect both sets of individuals in the society. One question spurred by the reading is whether progress always impacts positively on the quality of life. This question is hard to answer because assessing economic development and progress is difficult. This leads to an assumption that the benefits of progress outweigh the detriments. Therefore, the most widely used indicator of positive progress is the standard of living which in my view is misleading. This means that an array of factors is considered when evaluating progress, and they include literacy, health programs and employment rates. In my view, money is not the sole measure of progress but the well being of individuals in the society should be also considered. Disregarding tradition implies that the ability of culture to satisfy psychological and physical needs of the population is compromised. This directly lowers the quality of life from the cultural perspective. From the article I can conclude that progress significantly lowers the standard of living due to degradation of mental and physical health, increased incidences of delinquency and crime, family instability, demographic structures and the strained relationship between the society and natural resources. It is also true that before progress took centre stage, all these undesirables were non-existent or minimal. Therefore, progress has done more harm than good to the quality of human life. The fact that many diseases arise because of economic development shows

Module 2 (edited) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 2 (edited) - Essay Example Most of this development was achieved on the abundant natural resources that Thailand homes. What resulted in the end due to the excessive reliance on natural resources, were polluted water, infected air and barren land. Ever since the economic turmoil, consumers in Thailand have changed their spending habits to deal effectively with the ongoing economic crisis. With the exports already suffering due the global trade slump, Thai was unlucky to experience some very severe political tensions on top.With the governments initiating two new fiscal policies; situation is sighted to improve by far. A recent survey made use of several closed end questions, which makes comparison easier (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002, pp.78) - has revealed some very fitting information. People have experienced massive salary cuts and many have found themselves jobless in this situation. People have cut their spending budgets, limiting themselves to what is most needed. Most respondents to the questionnaire admitted that Thai people was growing poorer, which was seriously impacting on the lives of the Thai citizens. As the most important was that over the last decade brand loyalty has been reduced by a very great degree. Buyers have learned to compromise and make their spending more wisely since there is lesser to spend. Brand products are usually tagged at much higher prices than those unbranded, which have resulted in people switching to lower priced articles. This means international and foreign brands have seen a steep decline in their target customers, all of these due to the economic turmoil. Many international brands have adjusted their marketing strategies to appeal to target audiences, such as in the conservative Islamic countries (Karnani, 1984, pp.45). In studying the consumer expenditure pattern of Thailand, it is important to undertake a compressive analyzing of the

The iPhone Phenomenon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The iPhone Phenomenon - Research Paper Example This product continues to best itself. These are some factors that make this a remarkable product to not only invest in but endorse for the future. Corresponding Benefits Professionals Ability to keep in touch while on the move Document information while on the move with note taker and recorders Communicating by E-mail, instant messaging, and phone Students Style and individuality through the looks of the phone Complete many tasks without carrying several gadgets Keeps them connected to music, entertainment as well as organize your time with your own personal assistant. It’saniPod, phone, video; TV shows internet, and PDA Personal Better and faster connection to internet. Mobil Navigation Mobil Social connections; Facebook, Twitter, etc. Great multifunctional cameras; HD video and photo cameras. Marketing miX Product: The product has following features 4 inch large screen. High definition camera. iOS 6. Unintentional damage security. Hardware repair coverage. Weight is 112 gm only. LTE wireless technology, A6 chip. Price: Skimming pricing strategy. Premium pricing strategy. The pricing strategy of iPhone 5 by Apple Inc includes the flexibility to lower the prices if consumer response dictates such actions. Place: Apple places the iPhone 5 in worldwide stores by online stores, retails stores, direct sales and through third parties. Apple has divided its global market for iPhone 5 in too many different divisions includes: South America, North America, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Japan. Apple has more than 350 stores in thirteen countries worldwide. Promotion: In promoting iPhone 5, Apple has focused on offering innovative features and services to gain the customer loyalty. Apple has marketed iPhone 5 with the emotional and rational appeal. It connected iPhone 5 in the advertisements with people life style, imagination, innovation, passion, liberation dreams and ambitions. Environmental scan: (PESTC) Political: Apple’s iPhone 5 is selling all ove r the world so it is facing several issues that are beyond the company control i.e. political uncertainties, war against terrorism and sanctions on different countries. Political instability is affecting badly on the sales of iPhone 5 in different parts of the world. Economical: The inflation in different economies has influenced the sales of iPhone 5.Last year the high unemployment rate in USA and Europe may have affected sales of Apple products. However at the same time the economy was boosted by the sale of the iPhone. It sold over 5 million since its launch. It was predicted in 2012 that the economy would be boosted by .05 in 4th quarter. (Rush, Dominic, theguardian.com; 2012) Social: European countries and some parts of Canada which are large markets of Apple products are actually facing some health concerns because of the excessive use of iPhone 5 by the users. It is reported that improper use of Apple products may lead to hearing power of users. Technological: The advancement s and revolutions in technology are inventing day by day. It is the biggest challenge for Apple to maintain its competitive advantage of innovation. Every year there is the â€Å"next big thing,† (Android), that comes out and each year they look to not only the competitors but also themselves. Even Now there is talk of the newest iPhone (iPhone 5s) being announced in September. This one is not only technically advanced with the new operating system, but it is also going to be affordable phones available. (Stern, Joanna; ABC News, August 11) Competition: The main two

Module 2 (edited) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 2 (edited) - Essay Example Most of this development was achieved on the abundant natural resources that Thailand homes. What resulted in the end due to the excessive reliance on natural resources, were polluted water, infected air and barren land. Ever since the economic turmoil, consumers in Thailand have changed their spending habits to deal effectively with the ongoing economic crisis. With the exports already suffering due the global trade slump, Thai was unlucky to experience some very severe political tensions on top.With the governments initiating two new fiscal policies; situation is sighted to improve by far. A recent survey made use of several closed end questions, which makes comparison easier (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002, pp.78) - has revealed some very fitting information. People have experienced massive salary cuts and many have found themselves jobless in this situation. People have cut their spending budgets, limiting themselves to what is most needed. Most respondents to the questionnaire admitted that Thai people was growing poorer, which was seriously impacting on the lives of the Thai citizens. As the most important was that over the last decade brand loyalty has been reduced by a very great degree. Buyers have learned to compromise and make their spending more wisely since there is lesser to spend. Brand products are usually tagged at much higher prices than those unbranded, which have resulted in people switching to lower priced articles. This means international and foreign brands have seen a steep decline in their target customers, all of these due to the economic turmoil. Many international brands have adjusted their marketing strategies to appeal to target audiences, such as in the conservative Islamic countries (Karnani, 1984, pp.45). In studying the consumer expenditure pattern of Thailand, it is important to undertake a compressive analyzing of the

The value of Civil Engineering to the world Essay

The value of Civil Engineering to the world - Essay Example They have played their due part at constructing urban designs which have made sure that urban sprawls are taken care of in a respectable manner. The civil engineers of today are indeed the heroes since their work is used by nearly all of the people, irrespective of where they come from or who they are. This is a fact that the civil engineers are in high demand now than ever, as the world has woken up to the ideology that Civil Engineering is a very realistic entity and therefore it should be given its due place within the engineering and infrastructural development domains. The world has seen the role of civil engineers grow by leaps and bounds since they have seen the wonders of the world getting redefined and reshaped time and again. This has meant that the field of Civil Engineering has become advanced more and more with the passage of time (Davidson 1990). The value of Civil Engineering comes about in an apparent manner both within the public sector domains as well as the private sector undertakings – it has manifested itself in such a manner that the effects are bountiful and the results aplenty. International co mpanies have hired these civil engineers because they believe they bring in a much needed difference, and this indeed is a difference that is for the betterment of the society and the world without any doubt. The value proposition of Civil Engineering has come to the forefront with the addition of skyscrapers, the world’s biggest dams and water reservoirs, the tallest buildings, the railroads and road networks, the underground tube systems, and so on. All of these have rightfully manifested the need for having due acclaim for the Civil Engineering tenets and people have realized that there are a number of marvels which can still be achieved in the coming decades (Wells 2007). There are a number of areas where the field of Civil Engineering has been able to represent its own self over

The Origins and beliefs of Shia and Sunni Islam Essay Example for Free

The Origins and beliefs of Shia and Sunni Islam Essay During the first 30 years after the Prophets death Muslims were governed by four khalifahs who were outstanding men chosen by the community for their closeness to the Prophet and their good characters. They were unselfish, tolerant, and well versed in the Quran, and they had been the Prophets dearest friends. They had learned from him all his ways and attitudes. These first four khalifahs were known as the Rashidun or rightly-guided or orthodox. The word khalifah means successor. Instead of living like princes, they lived very simple lives as the Prophet had done, in close touch with the people. They were renowned for their ragged and torn clothing, and their refusal to take any luxuries for themselves. Khalifahs were the most important people in the Muslim state, but were horrified if anyone started to think of them as kings they were simply servants. Only God was King. The first khalifah was Abu Bakr, who ruled from 632-4 CE. Before he died he elected Umar to be the next khalifah. Ali and his supporters thought this was wrong, but refused to bear a grudge. Umar ruled from 634-44 CE, after being stabbed (by Firuz, a Persian slave) six times in the back whilst he was praying. Uthman was the next khalifah to be elected, after Ali had refused the position. He was a kind and gentle man, but tended to elect many friends and relatives to key positions. When he was 80 many Muslims, particularly the supporters of Ali, thought that he should abdicate, but he refused to do so. Soon afterwards, while Uthman was at prayer, he was killed by a group of angered Egyptians. He had ruled from 644-56 CE. Finally, 24 years after the Prophets death, the khalifate passed to Ali. He ruled from 656-61 CE. He was famous for his extreme piety and faithful transmission of the Prophets sayings. His supporters thought of him as the Conscience of Islam. Alis appointment as khalifah was opposed by Uthmans cousin Muawiya, who was supported by the Prophets surviving wife, Aishah. Muawiya and Aishah demanded avenge for the murder of Uthman, but Ali didnt grant this. There was a battle, the Battle of Siffin, where Muawiya and Ali agreed on peace, but somehow Ali had been tricked and Muawiya was announced as khalifah. A group of Muslims, the Kharijites, were so outraged by the incident decided to end the impurity by killing them both. Some people felt right from the beginning that Ali should have been the Prophets successor. They were not content to see power going into the hands of the old chief family of Makkah which had so recently persecuted them and had always been jealous of the power of the Prophet. They claimed that the Prophet had always trained Ali to take over. Ali deputized for the Prophet in his lifetime and was the father of the Prophets grandsons. They claimed that those who had elected Abu Bakr insisted he was the Prophets choice, and was the senior male Muslim leader. However, the supporters of Ali still felt the khalifate should have stayed in the line of the Prophet and Khadijah, and now that Fatimah and Ali were dead, they insisted the next leader should be Alis son Hasan. Muawiya would not agree, and in the end Hasan came to an understanding that the khalifate would revert to his family only after Muawiyas death. However, when Hasan died (some claim he was poisoned) Muawiya made his own son Yazid the heir. Those who supported the Prophets descendants became known as the Shiat Ali or Party of Ali. They are now called Shiites. They refused to accept the first three khalifahs and claimed Ali was really the first, followed by the Prophets grandsons Hasan and Husayn. Shia Muslims believe that leadership (the position of khalifah) should be exclusive to the family of the Prophet. Sunnah is the Arabic word for custom or authority, and Sunni Muslims regard themselves as the true followers of the Sunnah or Way of the Prophet. They insist that the Prophet had intended elections so that the best man would succeed, and not to start a family line of rulers, like Kings. Sunnis are the major branches of Islam. About 90 percent of Muslims are Sunni. They base their standards of their faith on the Quran plus the Hadiths of the Prophet and the laws based upon them. They believe that leadership should be decided by a democratic election based on a majority vote. The Shiites, on the other hand, are a smaller group around 10 percent of modern Muslims but with a tendency to devotion that borders on fanaticism. The number of Shiite Muslims is increasing as people in many developing countries are reacting against the decadence of the modern world. Shiism is the state religion of Iran, and is rapidly increasing in strength in Pakistan, Iraq, India, the Yemen and the Lebanon. A summary of the principal teachings and aims of the Ayatollah Khomeini Islam to Ayatollah Khomeini is the noble warriors religion. It is of those who seek justice and righteousness, demand independence and liberty, and struggle to prevent the unbeliever as well as the tyrant from exercising power over the Muslim. He believes Islam is not just a code which governs the moral conduct of an individual, but also a set of rules and regulations which provide for every need and all requirements. He considers the introduction of the modern education, the adoption of constitutional parliamentary systems of government, and the promotion of Westernised criminal codes as nothing but deliberate means to undermine Islam, by encouraging the faithful to abandon their religion. Khomeini calls on the Muslims to emulate the example of the Prophet and the first three Imams. He demands their transformation into holy warriors to save Islam from the dangers confronting the religion. He encourages his students, as the new soldiers, to believe that theirs is a total system and to reject the notion that there is a similarity between Islam and Christianity. Khomeini thinks that Muhammad, and Imam Ali, were preachers, rulers, and administrators. He believes in succession, and also in the necessity of appointing a successor to the Prophet. The successor must be a preacher and a jurist, and must ensure the obedience of the community to the Quran. To conclude, Khomeini states that there must be a state based on Muslim legal philosophy. The aspects of Western life religion, in general, and Islam, in particular, should resist or reform. In the modern world one cannot do all the things which are demanded by ancient religions. Islam is a prime example of this. How can a law laid down fourteen centuries ago in the Middle East meet all the complex demands and pressures of modern technological civilization? Muslims dont think of it like this, no Muslim can accept the idea of a society without God. Muslims must submit to God, and that means they must not choose which of the revealed laws they will or will not keep. How can they judge which laws are more important than others? Only God knows the full reasoning behind them. The Muslim rules of behavior are split up into five categories. Firstly fard, or wajib, which are things which must be done. Secondly mandub, or mustahab, which are recommended actions. Thirdly mubah, which are actions to be decided by conscience. Next is makruh, which are disapproved actions. Finally haram, which are things never to be done. Most of modern life falls in the mubah section. Whatever is not actually forbidden is permitted, under the guidance of your conscience. If an action is harmful to yourself or anyone else, it cannot be recommended by a Muslim. If qiyas (principles worked out by analogy) and ijtihad (exercise of individuals opinion) are used properly, it remains always possible to offer fresh thinking on past decisions. Also it is possible to keep pace with the ever-changing world. Modernist Muslims feel that this is vital, and that the reason for the past stagnation of Islam was the over-emphasizing of and clinging to the decisions of the madhab imams of the five classical schools, and the neglecting of todays great scholars and thinkers. Other reformers are known as fundamentalists because they seek to keep nothing but the original teachings and reject all modern interpretations as innovations (bida). There are many Muslim laws which need to be resisted or reformed. Some of these are based on a Muslims manners, for there is a great emphasis on showing consideration to others. The laws say that Muslims must pay close attention to cleanliness. They are expected not to be even the slightest bit dirty at any times. Before and after sexual intercourse they are expected to wash. With the amount of washing it is said is needed, it would be very hard to do anything but wash in the modern day, with pollution. This therefore needs to be changed. There laws about table manners are fine, and most are the same as used all over the world. The way in which Muslim women dress is in a very modest way, thus many traditional costumes are not acceptable for they are to revealing. It is in fact a good idea for it stops Muslim women from flirting with, or attracting, men. This stops the chances of adultery. Passions, if not under control, can cause endless hurt and disturbance. Muslim men are expected to be modest too, and always to be clean and smart. Muslims have many food laws. In these there are listed some unlawful foods which are forbidden, these are called haram. These are any products made from a pig. Meat containing blood. Meat from an animal which dies of itself due to disease or other natural causes. Any flesh-eating animal. Any animal which has been strangled, beaten to death, killed by a fall, gored by another animal, or partially eaten by another animal. Or finally any animal sacrificed to idols. These laws greatly affect the Muslims ability to mix socially with non-Muslim neighbours, since nearly all meat in the West has been killed by electrocution or firing a bolt into an animals brain, and is therefore forbidden to Muslims. They should not buy meat from a market unless it is known to be halal (this is the Muslim word for meat which they can lawfully eat). Many Muslim children do not eat school dinners because of their food restrictions. Another of the Muslims problems is schooling. There are four main areas which these problems fall into. Immodest dress, especially in PE lessons; not separating boys and girls after the age of ten; sexual instruction in the classroom; and religious instruction that is either Christian or Jewish (i.e. Bible based) or Islam presented in an incorrect manner. There are several things which Muslims consider to be wrong with these. It is because of the lack of schools which provide the rules and facilities needed for Muslims, that many Muslim schools have been started. One of the major difficulties for a Muslim is there ability to find time to pray. Some employers are not sympathetic if workers want to break off for a few moments to pray. Often there is no private place for them to go, or facilities to wash with first. This makes life very hard for Muslims, and I therefore believe the laws about praying should be slightly more lenient. Overall one can see that Muslims confront many clashes between their laws and the way of the western civilization. For them to get on more easily in the modern world they must reform or resist some of their strict laws and traditions.

Qualities And Philosophy Of Leadership In Nursing

Qualities And Philosophy Of Leadership In Nursing The first quality of a good leader is that he has passion for the craft and challenges me to be the best that I can be at whatever I am going to do. If things are made easy or handed to you, you wont work as hard to accomplish it. You are already aware of the outcome and it is always in your favor. A good leader challenges your highest level of your ability and always expects the best from you. He wants you to put your best foot forward and rewards you when you have done your best. A good leader always sets a good example because he leads by example. If your leader is unprepared, unmotivated, has no confidence and has lost his passion then you will be the same way. Your leader always needs to be #1 because he wants the same determination from you. A good leader finds ways to keep his team motivated and you will always benefit from his experience. A good leader always offers a complete explanation of the job to be done. He always offer clear and consice directions so that you will do a great job the first time. A good leader always wants his team to be successful with every task because that reflects back to him. Some of the traits of a good leader are that he is always visible. In order to provide strong leadership he needs to have a strong visual presence with the workers. They need to see him in the middle of a task working along side them getting the job done. He needs to be available for questions, comments and just general discussions. He needs to always be in the forefront so that the followers can have him at their disposal when needed. Another trait is that a good leader always needs to be consistant. Dont be a bully one day and try to be friends with your followers the nest day. Changing styles only confuses the followers. . Stick with one style of leadership. Those who look to you for leadership must know what to expect, that is consistency on a daily basis. Also, make decisions consistently. It is so important not to let your personal feelings cloud your decisions. Stay focused on the situation or issue, not on any one particular person. Many times we are more connected with some workers than others. Never let the work relationships change your response. Treat all employees equally and with the same amount of fairness. Always treat employees with the same amount of respect, showing favoritism makes you a terrible leader. Enforce the rules fairly. Try to always include employees in finding better solutions to problems. A good trait of the leader is to ask open ended questions, asking questions is always a great conversation starter. When you include your followers it always makes them feel like an important part of the team. Always encourage suggestions for improvement and changes that will set your team apart. The leader improves the team by listening to them, discussing and challenging their skills and complementing on a job well done. Set the tone for the work environment. An optimistic attitude from a leader can excite and motivate the team to always do the best job they can do. Confidence is contagious; so is having none. Employees feed off the tone that leaders set. A good leader is an encourager and always says well done or thank you when the job is finished. Many times leaders make mistakes, they are human beings just like everyone else. They arent perfect and will make many mistakes. But a good leader says, I made a mistake. Every team member will have more respect for the leader if they are always open and honest about all events. Honesty is always and forever the best policy. Leaders make the mistakes of sometimes putting business before people. Being insensitive and having a I am the king attitude, recognizing the outcome when it is good and not the people who do the work. My preceptor Mrs. McKenzie is a wonderful leader. She is always ready to teach you something new and has the confidence that I will do a good job. She is a good leader because she doesnt have the Im the teacher, youre the student attitude. She is always open to suggestion and the many questions that I have for her each and every time I am in clinic. When there is a code or another stressful situation she never looses her cool. She is full of useful information for both myself and the doctor. Ms Angela who is the charge nurse that is over the ER, now when I first met her she seemed cold and stuffy but once you see her in action she wants the students to be involved in all aspects of patient care. She even informs the MD on duty that they have a student and makes sure you are in the middle of everything that come thru the ER. The positive traits I noticed on my clinical rotation is that all the floors I have been on are all about team work. When a new patient comes in no matter whos patient it is all the nurse converge on the room and make sure the core nurse has all she needs. One nurse starts the IV, one nurse disrobes the patient, one nurse applies the ECG leads and the other starts the initial assessment along with the vital signs. As the student if you dont move fast you will miss out on everything. Students needs positive roles models and positive feedback to make sure that what they see in their nursing rotations make them a good nurse throughout your entire career. Many things make you a reliable nurse but I believe proper training and education plays a large role in being able to perform effectively, thus increasing reliability. The negative traits that I have observed is that some nurses dont want to have a student or a oriente for that matter. They forget that at one time they were a student or a new nurse on the job. They just want to have less intereference as possible to make their day go by. You are not allowed to ask them any questions or be in their patients room. I observed nurse not always using the proper techniques for different duties around the hospital. They are not washing their hands between patients, they arent using sterile technique when necessary and sometimes just over looking hospital protocol all together. The one negative trait that I will never possess is that I will never be a nurse because of the pay, I will always be the kind of nurse that loves nursing and that is why I do it everyday. I will never forget where I came from and treat someone like they are less than me because they work in a different area than me. I will never be the type of nurse that speaks negatively about a MD or a nurse in front of the patient or anyone else for that matter. More than likely I am a transformational leader. I work well with others, I have been trained and highly motivated with everything I do. I love to see people do well under the title that they work. I always try to be a good example and promote nothing but positive attitudes in the work place. I provide the guidelines and would allow the employees to do what they do. I like this style because it utilizes the skills that you know your employees already have, it makes them into their own leaders. My peers come to me for advice on a daily basis because they know that I really have a No-nonsense attitude when I am working towards something. I offer strong but friendly words of advice and never sugar coat anything to them. When a plan needs to be made normally I am the one who implements the stages. To my friends I am a strong leader because I get it done and take no excuses. Now will that make me a good RN? I hope so, but time will tell. A RN has to be a strong selfless leader who never turns down a challenge unless it is unsafe for the patients. Always ready to give the right information when needed and always learning new things everyday. How was your day as team leader? As a team leader, it wasnt anything different for me. I had a job to do and got it done in the safest, quickest manner it could be done. What is a true team leader? As stated by Wikipedia ,A team leader or team lead is someone (or in certain cases there may be multiple team leaders) who provides guidance, instruction, direction, leadership to a group of other individuals (the team) for the purpose of achieving a key result or group of aligned results. The team lead reports to a project manager (overseeing several teams). The team leader monitors the quantitative and qualitative result that is to be achieved. The leader works with the team membership The nursing profession is no different than any other profession when it come to leadership. Leadership is critical to managing patients toward optimal clinical outcomes. Changing patterns of care delivery and constrained resources require nursing leaders to be responsive, demonstrate flexibility, and hold what Kantor describes as the C skills: know the concepts and principles of leadership, demonstrate competence in the role of leader, and make the interpersonal connections needed to be successful in the role. 1 Mergers, flattened organizational structures, and increased spans of control have resulted in heightened nurse executive role expectations. The literature reflects the call for extraordinary nursing leadership, with articles describing the importance of leaders incorporating multiple theories into practice, including transformational leadership, organizational empowerment, and care-centered governance. What did you learn? What is your personal philosophy of leadership? I believe that nursing is a profession when using the criteria that Pavalko used to define the eight dimensions of a profession. I plan to show that nursing has relevance to social values, education, self-motivation, a code of ethics, commitment to life long work, a theoretical framework, and that there is a common identity. Additionally, I will discuss how the ADN prepared professional nurse has many roles, such as a caregiver, teacher, advocate, manager, colleague, and expert. It is my opinion nursing is a remarkably rewarding profession that consists of various obstacles that are triumphed over in order to pave the way for a rewarding and honorable future. There are many significant achievements accomplished by nurses in todays society including the values instilled in our social lives, as well as the education attained by individuals in order to seize the ability to give great care to the community. I believe it takes a unique type of person with a great deal of motivation and ambition to be capable of performing as a caretaker for others. It is crucial to believe in what you are doing by always using superior judgment, and by following the Code of Ethics in each decision you make in your working institution or at home with friends and family. Using the term Career in regards to nursing seems to be an understatement of my outlook on this astounding health care position, I have always considered this opportunity as a permanent gratifying commitment not on ly to myself, but to all of those whom rely on my specialized training and care for their well being. Although maybe not suitable for each person, nursing is a profession of choice for general public to apply themselves to if they so desire. There are numerous different regulations and system policies the nurses adhere to in order to maintain safety and quality care for all people. I believe nursing colleagues may be able to unite as one group with the same values in their trade in order to work harder on leading by example, and following each others strategies as well; furthermore, overcoming the obstacles of modern day traditional standards and excelling beyond the current generations outlook of the nursing profession. Nursing leadership and management is crucial in the foundation of nursing care. There is a direct correlation between leadership and quality of care. Poor nursing leadership leads to poor patient outcome and, inversely, good nursing leadership leads to excellent patient outcomes. I believe that a profession has a commitment to a lifelong work because you get involved in your establishment. It is very hard for me to think of leaving the nursing field, or the hospital I work in now, because there are so many people relying on me for my knowledge of this hospital. I have grown attached to those I work for and with. The rules of this hospital differ from others and after familiarizing myself in such depth here I could not just leave in hopes of finding another place to be so comfortable or appreciated. However, in todays generation many nurses do not feel the same way. There are many nurses that choose to work short term in one hospital and then leave to work in another facility. Due to this constant battle for hospitals and other health care provider facilities to keep continuous adequate nursing staff, the United States has had to find other means of populating our health care systems. For instance, According to the American Hospital Association, 17% of hospita ls recruit from abroad to fill nursing vacancies. New Trends in foreign Nurse Recruitment, Texas Nursing Voice, April, May, June 2008.

Amazing Grace Essay -- essays research papers

Amazing Grace, written by Jonathan Kozol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first glance, it seems that the author is going to take us on yet another journalistic ride through the land of the poor. Similar to the ones you read about, or hear in the news. However, this is not the case; the real underlying theme is what is society doing about the plight of the poor? Kozol uses the views of children to emphasize that these reports on living conditions are not being obtained by â€Å"disgruntled† adults, but from innocent, learning children whose only misfortune was being born to this particular area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author takes us from the seventh richest congressional district in the nation (being E 59th Street in New York City) to the poorest in the nation. A mere eighteen-minute ride by subway to the South Bronx, to a little place called Mott Haven; where the median family income for the 48000 residents is only $7,600. An area known for crack-cocaine and heroin; prostitution; poor hospital care, where one-quarter of new mothers tested in obstetric wards are HIV positive; and the police say is the deadliest precinct in the city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kozol writes about the trials and tribulations of everyday â€Å"normal† life for the children and people who live here. Normal for them however is quite different than it is for most of us. Living with drug dealers, pollution, poor hospital care and an abominable education system not to mention the social system of the city, is the â€Å"norm† for these children. In his interviews with the children of this squalid neighborhood, we find that the children speak honestly and freely about their feelings. Forgotten, hidden, abandoned, are just some of the words that come to mind. One boy named â€Å"Malcolm X† wears his hair in a style referred to as â€Å"25 years to life†. His sister asks â€Å"Like in prison..? This is how you want to wear your hair?† His reply †You don’t have to be in jail to be in prison†. This is just one of many examples given to show the reader the effects that this environment has upon you ths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we read further, we find that there are multitudes of problems inherent within the South Bronx. One of the only ways of determining where these problems stem from is by looking at the possible reasons as to why they exist. Drugs, violence, AIDS infections, are not new, ... ... must use more education targeted towards social issues in their schools and community to help people learn to live healthier lifestyles. They must make it known that drug dealing and violence are not â€Å"all right†, and to help people obtain some sort of unity. The well known community members need to get involved in politics so that their voices can be heard and let the City know their communities needs/requirements. Creating support groups for people with AIDS, ex-addicts, people who have lost a family member, also for people who just need a place to talk and get their frustrations out would help the community as a whole. If the people of the South Bronx would act as a community bound together to help themselves and each other, there would be less tolerance for deviant behavior among its’ members. The City must also be made more accountable for its’ actions. Clean-up and reconstruction of Times Square to Battery Park is a step in the right direction. How ever, painting a mural of â€Å"†¦ flowers, window shades and curtains and interiors of pretty-looking rooms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 31) on the walls of empty buildings in the Bronx, just to give the illusion that this area is a good neighborhood, is not.

To what extent would you explain gender differences in terms of gender socialization?

We are living in the world with gender difference, though the difference is varied from one culture to another. Sociologists often explain gender difference in terms of the Nature and the Nurture Explanation. Nature Versus Nurture Explanation also called the Genetic versus Environmental Controversy, questions if the difference in behavior of male and female is due to their genetics (Nature) or their environment or ways of upbringing (Nurture). Some phenomenon of gender stereotypes is better explained by the Nature Explanation while most of them can be explained well by the Nurture Explanation. Though genetics do play a role in separating the actions and behaviors of males and females, it is only to a certain extent; most differences between the sexes are based on differential socialization of men and women. In this essay, it explains a little about the Nature Explanation but focus on the Nurture Explanation. It attempts to give validity to the nurture side by showing evidences that gender roles are a product of gender socialization. Firstly, it gives concrete examples of socialization in our daily lives. Then, the causes of gender difference and gender roles stereotypes will be examined by the Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Development Theory. At the end, the criticism of socialization and the recent change in socialization will also be stated. The Nature Explanation The Nature Explanation was proposed by Steven Goldbery. He argued that anthropological record shows that all human societies past and present have been patriarchies, that is, societies in which men dominate women. The majority of top positions and highest statuses are occupied by men rather than by women. Thus, Goldbery concluded that men are born with dominance. (Haralambos, 1995) Therefore, Biology, and hence genetics and hormones, serves as the answer to account for and give rise to masculinity1 and femininity2, for instance, men are more aggressive and competitive than female. The Nurture Explanation — Gender Socialization Is The Key Sociologists have also tried to open the door to the Nurture Explanation and prove that gender differences are the product of culture. Gender Socialization is one important field of the Nurture Explanation. Under the effect of socialization, male and female develop different personalities, aspirations and role expectation or even achievements in the society. 1) Examples of Gender Differences under Socialization Socialization is a gender-role model tried to specify the ways in which males and females are socialized to be what is considered masculine and feminine in a particular culture. (Abbott, 1992). Sociologists claim that we are under the effect of socialization through our life cycle. Some examples are given as follows: 1.1 Infant Socialization — Effect of Parents' Upbringing Certainly, it is difficult to distinguish between a boy baby and girl baby, apart by observing their difference in biological features. When they are being brought up, they have been unconsciously under the effect of gender socialization. It is believed that parents have great influences in extending the effects of socialization in the process of nurturing their children. For instance, boys are dressed in blue and girls in pink; girls wear dresses with hearts or flowers while boys wear super hero pajamas. 1.1.1 Toys and Games The parents' choice on toys for their children also reveals socialization. As children get older, parents reinforce gender roles by encouraging activities and choosing toys that are gender-specific. (Bryant & Check, 2000) — Girls play with Barbies dolls and kitchen sets while boys with Legos, trucks and motor cars. Toys for boys tend to encourage their exploration, manipulation, invention, construction, competition and aggression whereas girls' toys typically rate high on creativity, nurturance, and attractiveness. (Renzetti & Curran, 1998) Moreover, Parents, especially fathers, tend to engage in rougher and more physical play with sons. Moreover, even for story books and cartoons, men are always typically rewarded for being smart and brave heroes like Supermen and Spidermen; Girls are usually princess with good look and being gentle, warm and kind hearted. (Renzetti & Curran, 1998) 1.1.2 Emotional Expression and Altitudes Tthe parents socialize the boys by encouraging them from a very early age to express certain types of emotions but not others, like fearfulness. Research in 1974 and again in 1995 showed that parents, especially fathers, describe newborn girls as softer, finer-featured, smaller, weaker, and more delicate than boys. (Bryant & Check, 2000) In addition, they think that it is natural for boys to be ill-mannered and aggressive. They consider it as â€Å"energetic†. Yet girls have to be polite, gentle and quiet. All these observed behaviors are obviously not because of genetics and are not preceded when they were babies, it is the parents who think their sons should behave in these ways, and therefore they treat them in such a way that elicits these behaviors and altitudes. 1,2 Socialization of School Education Schools reinforce traditional gender roles in many ways. Boys are socialized to be more analytical, critical and scientific-minded. This accounts for the fact that boys dominate in Science subjects like Engineering, Computer Programming and Pure Sciences. Girls are socialized to be good at language, so larger proportion of girls study in Business Administration, Literature and Fine Arts. Concerning other special subjects in secondary schools, Woodwork is only available for boys whereas Home Economics is for girls only. This also creates a gender stereotypes that men must deal with heavy works but women must be learnt to do housework. 1.3 Socialization of Mass Media — Advertisements Advertisements not only sell products, but they also sell gender stereotypes. The models and photos appeared in the advertisements in newspaper and magazines are also carefully chosen to display cultural understandings about differences between male and female (Richardson, 1988): Women are chosen for selling household products and cosmetics while men selling luxurious cars, mobile phones and high technology products. Sometimes, Many advertisements even promote the product being user-friendly by saying that â€Å"Even housewives know how to use it!† They unconsciously convey a message to the public that women are intelligently inferior to men. To conclude, we have been consciously and unconsciously socialized in many aspects in our daily lives. Eventually, men develop masculinity: self reliant, independent, assertive, forceful and analytical; women develop femininity: affectionate, sympathetic, sensitive to other's need, understanding, compassionate, emotional, warm and tender. 2) Social Learning Theory and Gender Role Stereotypes Two theories have been put forward to explain gender socialization as well. They are the Social Learning Theory and the Cognitive Development. 1) Social Learning theory Mischel, Bandura and Walters have developed a theory of learning sexual identity known as Social Learning Theory. It is a behaviorlist theory that relies on reinforcement of the environment of the society and modeling explanations of behavior (Coltrane, 2001). Initially, there are few physiological or behavioral differences between males and females at birth. However, as boys and girls are treated differently and put into different learning environments by their parents, they learn the behaviours of both sexes by means of their observations. They are more likely to imitate the behaviors of his or her own sex. Eventually, they develop different needs, wants, desires, skills and temperaments and eventually give rise to masculine and feminine direction to the emotions and behaviours of men and women. Gender roles are defined â€Å"entirely social created expectation of masculine and feminine behaviour initiated and perpetuated by the institutions and values of a society† (Abbott, 1992), that is, by Socialization. Gender roles usually contain certain general characteristics. These characteristics include: i) The expectation of certain personality traits. ii) Social roles iii) Social positions and occupations In this section, it will focus on how social learning brings out gender difference in social roles and occupations. 2.1 Social learning in Social Roles Due to the traditional family structure which has been deep-rooted in people's mind, men always take up the role of fathers and breadwinners while women are mothers and housewives. As a result, men are socialized to be assertive, independent and strong so that they can be the â€Å"pillar of the family†. On the other hand, women are socialized to be gentle, warm, tender, sensitive and dependent to fulfill her jobs of taking care of their husbands as well as nurturing their children. At the same time, since parents serve as the primary models for their young children, children learn from their parents by seeing what their parents do. Thus, socialization continues to exert its effect through generations. If the mother always does all the cooking, the implication to their children is that this is women's work; if the father is always the one to climb on the roof and repair electrical appliances; children soon learn that this is men's job. (Abbott, 1992) Boys and girls thus imitate their fathers and mothers respectively by acquiring the same kind of skills and developing same personality traits. Research has found out that daughters directly internalize their mothers' attitudes because they perceive these attitudes to be realized in the practice of their mother's daily life. (Carine, 1998). The internalization of altitude of girls is stronger than that of boys as fathers have high chance to go out for work and lowers the chances for their boys to imitate. In addition, parents may consciously or unconsciously have special expectations of their boys and girls and attempt to teach a child appropriate gender role behaviour. Research shows that the more traditional the gender role attitudes of a mother, the stronger her tendency to emphasize a daughter's conformity, and the more traditional her daughter's attitudes appear to be a mother's conformist orientation substantially contributed to the extent in which daughters develop a more traditional view on gender roles. (Carine, 1998) 2,2 Gender Role Stereotypes in Occupation Gender is often attached to different social positions and occupations in several ways. This results in gender inequality in work (Haralambos, 1995): According to the Human Capital Explanation, Women are less committed to paid employment as women are generally not considered as â€Å"human capital3† by most employers. Employers believe that women, who has been socialized to be home-centred, marriage-centred and child-centre, are less committed to their work. Thus, they are often employed in the secondary labour market with lower pay, job security and promotion prospects. On the other hand, there are expected roles of men and women at work. For instance, in cultures of many countries, women are usually considered at jobs as nurses, social workers, flight attendants, domestic workers, etc because these jobs involve nurturing and sensitivity that are associated with femininity. (Abbott, 1992); by coincidence, most of the jobs associated with women rank lower in the society, thus people claim that women are being discriminated by taking up lower levels of the occupational hierarchy. For men, they are usually considered better engineers, politicians, bureaucrats as they are socialized to be more logical, rational, independent and capable. As a result, they are likely to take up professional roles in the society. Needless to say, for jobs that require excellent physical institution, like the Police Force and fire fighters, men always dominate. Women, even with accepted levels of physical institution and qualifications, are less welcomed, because female hav e been portrayed as the weaker sex. 3) Cognitive Development Theory A Cognitive Developmental Theory, advocated by Kohlbery, posits that children learn gender and gender stereotypes through their mental efforts to organize their social world. Kohlbery claimed that men and women are different and these differences constitute a central organizing principle of social life. The process is called gender polarization. The theory also views gender acquisition as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Children are active agents employing cognitive processes in understand the society and the world. Initially children understand their world by sorting objects and people into categories, one of the example is to organize information on the basis of gender categories. Children interpret and learn about gender stereotype and how to â€Å"do gender† in culturally appropriate ways in thinking and behaving. It is because as they gradually grow up, they understand that gender stereotype is central to the way the society is organized. (Coltrane. 2001) At the very early stage, a baby is not concerned with his or her gender identity. As the child gets older, he or she begins to develop an identity for him- or her-self and establishs a personality that reflects their masculinity or femininity. For example, boy and girl babies usually play with each other when they are very young, but they choose to play with other kids of the same sex starting form their Oedipal period (beyond age 3). Also, Boys are raised up by their mothers and they used to be under the clutches of their mothers. However, they want to be with their dad when they gradually grow up. They refuse to go shopping with their mothers anymore because they think that it is not something that a boy should do, according to their understanding about gender stereotype. If they play with children of the opposite sex, they are likely to be teased by their peers; if they act in such ways that do not match with their own sex, like boys wearing dresses and girls being aggressive and fighting with boys, their behavior will be considered as deviance and may even be condemned by the society. To conclude, in order to be considered as competent members of the society, men and must learn how to fit in appropriately as gender individuals. This is how cognitive development brings out gender differences. Criticism of Socialization Socialization is the evil for the rise of gender roles stereotypes, which may cause gender inequalities and many problems in the society. Throughout the history, all human societies have been patriarchies and androcentristic, that is, male are superior to female and male experience is the normative standard (Coltrane, 2001) Girls seem to accept a negative stereotype of their abilities. Research studies showed that even girls get better grades in the college than the boys do, they are less likely to believe that they can be more successful in a career (Abbott, 1992). Job segregation and alienation caused by gender role stereotypes greatly narrow the field of career that each sex can choose. Both men and women may be prevented form choosing certain careers that are considered as not suitable for their sex: Women find it difficult to be fire fighters and join and Police Force. Similarly, men's chances to be secretaries, nurses and flight attendants are much reduced even they are ambitious to do so. Therefore, socialization is to blame for limiting the potential development for both sexes. Regrettably, because of socializa tion, employment somehow counts on sex, but not ability. Men and women have been socialized to perform certain gender specific roles. These roles have been changing in the society at a relatively rapid pace, but the traditional value of gender role stereotypes is changing at the same rate. One vivid example is that women nowadays may earn more than their husbands do and provide for the families whereas men are forced to take up the role of doing housework and rearing children. Thus, negative consequences arise from resistance to these role changes. This imbalance of role and value change has large implications for the future of the stability of the family. The difficulty our society has with accepting these changing roles can cause strain between spouses which can ultimately lead to an increased divorce rate. Worse still, if the accepted traits of stereotypes do not match with a person's real inclination or characteristics, this could causes stress and leads to low self-esteem of both sexes for being unable to live up to an ideal masculinity and femininity. (Reiter, 1980) High degrees of competitiveness may lead to stress and violence in men; passivity and dependence may leave women unable to support themselves in a crisis. In more serious case, the problem can be fatal: Men have long been socialized to be strong and independent. The pressure to conform to traditional roles limits the emotional expression by men and hinders them from seeking assistance even when they encounter high level of psychological stress. This can explain the increased suicidal rate of men in recent decades. Changing Gender Role of Stereotypes However, as mentioned before, socialization occurs in different ways according to the time and the particular culture. When time changes, there are also changes in the forms of socialization. Firstly, there is an obvious change in pattern of the labour force. Women are getting more education and this makes the working opportunities to them more attractive. They can become professional like lawyers, doctors, accountant, engineer, etc. Today, many important government positions and even principal officers in Hong Kong have been taken up by women. For example, the former Chief Secretary for Administration, Mrs. Anson Chan, the former Secretary for Security, Mrs. Regina Ip and the Secretary for Justice, Ms. Elsie Leung are influential political figures in the society. Secondly, as women begin to marry later and are more likely to stay in the labour force longer, more employers are more confident and willing to employ female in the primary labour market which gives them higher income and promotion prospects. Lastly, because of the economic downturn, there is an increased participation in the work force. All these train women to be as competitive and capable as men in order to survive. Women are no longer expected to take up occupations at the lower level of the occupational hierarchy. In addition, there is also a slight change in the gender role in the family: Mothers have increasing power in the family, no matter in terms of finance and â€Å"administration†. Fathers are no longer as the only breed winner while mothers also contribute to the finance of the family. Similarly, housework is not considered as women's work anymore, but it is duty shared by both fathers and mothers. Besides, mothers have a say at home on all matters and involves in important decision making. Conclusion: Strike A Good Balance To conclude, many daily examples have proved that socialization is the evil for most cases of gender difference. It portrays the expected image of male and female in one culture and also restrict their thinking, behaviour and lives in a number of ways. As given in the previous paragraph â€Å"Criticism of Socialization†, many problems may arise when stereotypes are seen as ideals for behaviour which makes people follow blindly. It seems that socialization is an inevitable evil deep rooted in our norms and values. Thus, it is important to strike a balance: we can live under the effect of socialization but we should avoid serious gender stereotypes. Only by doing so, we can build up a healthy society where gender differences and inequality can be minimized.

In Tess of the DUrbervilles, how does Hardy present Tess Essay

In Hardy’s tragic novel, nothing is as clear as it seems. Although Alec D’Urberville was the ostensible instigator of the protagonist Tess Durbeyfield’s downfall, it must be argued that Angel Clare plays just as a significant role in her destruction. Initial contemporary readings saw Tess and Angel’s relationship as doomed by Tess’ past, while more modern interpretations point to Angel’s decision to leave for the failure of the marriage. Throughout the novel, Hardy makes great use of foreshadowing in order to emphasise how the numerous tragedies in his protagonist’s life cumulate in disaster. This has never been more apparent than with Tess and Angel: as a keystone of the novel, their relationship is haunted by the spectre of the past all the way through. By introducing Angel almost as soon as he establishes Tess’ character, Hardy makes it clear from the outset that this relationship will be more significant than any other.. It is evident that Angel and Tess will fall in love, but what is even more arresting is Angel’s initial and lasting impression that Tess is the epitome of purity and maidenhood. Hardy starkly emphasises Tess’ virginal aspects through compound nominal phrases such as â€Å"white shape† and â€Å"pretty maiden†, creating the lasting image of her as a perfect woman. However, when Angel leaves and â€Å"dismisses the subject from his mind†, Hardy at once shows Angel’s objectification of Tess and how easily he can put aside her hurt, hinting at their relationship to come. Even once Angel knows who Tess is, his initial impression of her as a â€Å"fresh and virginal daughter of Nature† does not change but only becomes deeper embedded in his and the reader’s subconscious, painting a cruel contrast between his expectations and the real knowledge of Tess’ past. As soon as Angel and Tess meet again at the idyllic Talbothay’s Dairy, Hardy introduces the severe contrast between Tess’ simple nature and Angel’s intellectual presence, foreshadowing more than ever that once Tess’ past comes to light, the relationship is doomed. When Angel first notices Tess at the breakfast table, Hardy subtly hints about his idiosyncratic tendency to see what he wants to see to the reader, saying that he â€Å"was ever in the habit of neglecting the particulars of an outward scene for the general impression†. This may seem to be incongruous with Angel’s introspective and thoughtful character, but when considered alongside his behaviour towards Tess, it fits perfectly. The use of the adverb â€Å"ever† suggests that Angel is fixed and unswerving in his beliefs and principles. In particular, Hardy is setting the scene for Angel’s refusal to take into account the mitigating circumstances of Tess’ rape, as he only sees the gross magnitude of the sin that has been committed. He refuses to entertain the notion that her past is similar to his, gasping â€Å"My God- how can forgiveness meet such a grotesque- prestigidation as that! † Hardy’s use of the adjective â€Å"grotesque† indicates how Angel simply cannot equate such a brutal act as rape with the innocent Tess, and it is anger at this, rather than at Tess herself, which causes his outburst. Additionally, Angel is idealistic in his morals, â€Å"imaginative to impracticability† as Hardy later scorns him, and this early quotation shows how Angel refuses to compromise his high ideals for anything, even his love for Tess. He takes advantage of her unshakeable belief in his views and asks her to â€Å"Think of years to come†¦ and this past matter getting known- for it must be known†, striking fear into her honest heart and preventing her from using her feminine charms as a tool of persuasion. Tess genuinely believes him and does not think to suggest emigrating: her loyalty to him is such that she does not question his decision. Early on in Angel and Tess’ relationship, Hardy describes Tess’ unhappiness at her apparent want of intellectual capability compared to Angel, whom she sees as â€Å"an intelligence rather than a man†. Straightaway, Tess’ assumed inferiority is introduced, highlighting the insurmountable gap in the backgrounds of the two characters. Hardy even points out that during Angel’s initial reaction to Tess’ history, he still felt enough of a â€Å"back current of sympathy through which a woman of the world might have conquered him†, but she takes his emotional confusion as a final judgement, simply because she continues to see him as so superior to her. With the phrase â€Å"woman of the world†, Hardy brings attention to Tess’ pitiful lack of experience concerning men and relationships: he highlights how submissive Tess is that she will not attempt to change Angel’s mind, but also how pure and innocent she remains, that she will not use â€Å"her exceptional physical nature† in order to convince him to stay. However, through the use of the abstract noun â€Å"current†, the novelist implies that Angel’s emotions are transient and ever-shifting, portraying him as unreliable and untrustworthy. Angel’s idealism continues to be an important factor of the developing romance, creating the impression that the whole relationship is a fai ade. During the idyllic early morning meetings, Hardy illustrates a hazy new transitional world â€Å"in that strange and solemn interval, the twilight of the morning† to mirror Angel’s rose-tinted and not entirely clear vision of Tess. The author continually uses a semantic field of religious references to illustrate the significance of certain moments. For instance, Hardy describes â€Å"a feeling of isolation, as if they were Adam and Eve†, which not only confers heroic status on them, but creates an ominous sense that Tess’ past will eventually catch up with them and drive them from the lush, fertile Eden that is not only Talbothay’s Dairy, but the bubble of idealism in which the lovers are living. While Angel may be raised to â€Å"godlike† status while Tess is referred to as â€Å"the Magdalen†, supporting Tess’ idolatry of him, they cannot escape the third presence in their relationship. In one of Hardy’s most sensual descriptions of Tess, he describes â€Å"the red interior of her mouth† and compares it to a snake’s. The sensuality of the colour red and the snake both reference Alec D’Urberville, who is consistently given Satanic attributes such as â€Å"animalism† and â€Å"Paganism† as well as possessing â€Å"black angularities† in both appearance and personality, here symbolising the temptation that drove both Adam and Eve from Eden. Hardy cleverly employs the religious lexis: owing to his contempt of traditional, â€Å"quaint and curious† religion (which is divested in Angel and Tess’ rebellious views), his use of instantly recognisable Biblical features makes the point that Angel and Tess’ doomed relationship is simply a sad story that has been played out many times at some level over the centuries. Due to his portrayal of Tess as pure and guiltless, Hardy uses religion to emphasise how women like Tess have been in similar predicaments ever since Eve. It also gives a greater gravity to Tess and Angel’s romance, as the reader knows that it is finite. Hardy continues to expose faults in Angel’s character, namely his hypocrisy and ability to change his mind easily, showing how the relationship only leads to disaster. During their courtship he staunchly argues that her low position as a milkmaid does not and will not deter him- on the contrary, Angel insists he needs a wife â€Å"who knows all about the management of farms† and Tess, therefore, is better suited to him than the Mercy Chant. However, during the passionate argument when Tess follows Angel out of the house after her confession, Angel states firmly that he and Tess belong to â€Å"different societies† and compares her to â€Å"an unapprehending peasant woman† who has never experienced any form of society. This example is not unique: Hardy portrays Angel as eager to seize on an idea and find any evidence to fit it, regardless of previous beliefs: for instance, his ever-changing opinion of â€Å"old families† which only depends on his attitude to Tess at the time. One of the most obvious events that foreshadows the ending of the novel is Angel’s somnambulation. Hardy wrote this scene to symbolise all of Angel’s conflicting emotion and Tess’ self-destructive nature. The outpouring of Angel’s love for his â€Å"dearest, darling Tess! So sweet, so good, so true! â€Å", which he kept so carefully hidden during the day, hints at yet another change of mind on his part later on in the novel, while his exclamation â€Å"‘dead, dead! ‘† signifies not only how Tess is morally dead to him, but how he feels his actions have killed the spirit and love within his â€Å"‘poor, poor Tess'†. Even though Tess suspects multiple times that Angel’s actions could lead to her death, either intentionally or accidentally, â€Å"self-solicitude was near extinction in her†, linking to how she remains placid and uncomplaining even throughout temptation and harsh conditions at Flintcombe-Ash. When Angel â€Å"carefully laid† her in the open coffin, Hardy is symbolising that due to Tess’ devotion to Angel, she will allow herself to be led to her death, arguably the greatest moment of symbolism in the novel. In Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Hardy as the omniscient narrator remains firmly on the side of his protagonist: she is the vehicle for him to express his contempt of the traditionally misogynistic values so strongly upheld by Victorian society. Although Angel professes to reject these conventions, he ultimately submits to them, thus creating an even greater divide between the two lovers. In her final hours, Tess herself states that her happiness with Angel â€Å"could not have lasted† and that it was better that she would be gone, fulfilling Hardy’s portrayal of a love that was sincere, almost ethereal, but lavished on a fallible, human man, and therefore inevitably doomed to fail.